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- $Unique_ID{BRK03552}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{C Syndrome}
- $Subject{C Syndrome Opitz Trigonocephaly Syndrome Trigonocephaly "C" Syndrome
- Trigonocephaly Syndrome Trigonocephaly (autosomal dominant type)
- Trigonocephaly (autosomal recessive) Trigonocephaly with Short Stature and
- Developmental Delay}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 917:
- C Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (C Syndrome) is not the
- name you expected. PLease check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate
- name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Opitz Trigonocephaly Syndrome
- Trigonocephaly "C" Syndrome
- Trigonocephaly Syndrome
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Trigonocephaly (autosomal dominant type)
- Trigonocephaly (autosomal recessive)
- Trigonocephaly with Short Stature and Developmental Delay
-
- General Discussion
-
- **REMINDER **
- The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- C Syndrome is a rare disorder thought to be inherited as an autosomal
- recessive trait. Patients with this disorder are born with a malformation in
- which the head is a triangular shape due to premature union of the skull
- bones (trigonocephaly), a narrow pointed forehead, a flat broad nasal bridge
- with a short nose, vertical folds over the inner corner of the eye, an
- abnormal palate that is deeply furrowed, abnormalities of the ear, crossed
- eyes (strabismus), joints that are bent or in a fixed position, and loose
- skin. All recorded patients except one have had mental retardation.
-
- Symptoms
-
- One of the distinguishing features of C syndrome is a condition in which the
- skull is a triangular shape primarily due to premature closure of the bones
- (trigonocephaly). Patients with this disorder also have a distinct face in
- which the nasal bridge is broad with a short nose, and there are vertical
- folds over the inner corners of the eyes (epicanthus). A deeply furrowed
- palate in the mouth, abnormalities of the outer ear, crossed eyes
- (strabismus), joints that may be bent in a fixed position or dislocated, and
- loose skin are all features typically found in patients with C Syndrome.
-
- Epicanthus, retardation, loss of muscle tone, abnormalities of the sternum,
- facial palsy, webbed fingers and/or toes, short limbs, heart defects, failure
- of one or both testicles to move down into the scrotum (cryptorchidism),
- abnormalities of the kidneys and lungs, deformity of the lower jaw and/or
- seizures may also be found in patients with C Syndrome.
-
- Causes
-
- C Syndrome is thought to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Human
- traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the
- interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the
- mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a
- person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent.
- If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will
- be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk
- of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are
- carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of
- their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five
- percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each
- parent, and will be genetically normal.
-
- Affected Population
-
- C Syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal
- numbers. There have been approximately twenty-five cases reported in the
- medical literature.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of C Syndrome.
- Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Trigonocephaly (autosomal dominant type) is a rare disorder inherited as
- an autosomal dominant trait. Patients with this disorder are born with a
- triangular shaped skull partially caused by premature closure of the bones
- which can cause compression of the brain. A small head and skin tags on the
- ears have been found in several cases. Mental development is normal in all
- cases. This disorder affects males five times more often than females.
- There have been six patients from one family reported in the medical
- literature.
-
- Trigonocephaly (autosomal recessive) is a rare disorder that is inherited
- as an autosomal recessive trait. Patients with this disorder are born
- without the nerve fibers that are related to the sense of smell, as well as a
- malformation in which the skull is a triangular shape partially caused by
- premature closure of the bones (trigonocephaly). There have been multiple
- affected siblings reported in the medical literature.
-
- Trigonocephaly with Short Stature and Developmental Delay is a rare
- disorder inherited as an X-Linked trait. This disorder has been
- characterized by a malformation in which the skull is a triangular shape
- partially caused by premature closure of the bones of the skull
- (trigonocephaly), short stature and moderate mental retardation in three
- males recorded in the medical literature. The other two related patients had
- a closed space between the bones at the back of the skull, a narrow forehead,
- widely spaced eyes, a small head circumference, low weight, and slow mental
- and physical development.
-
- Typically the borders or joints of the skull close between the ages of 28
- and 32 years. Patients with Trigonocephaly with Short Stature and
- Developmental Delay have closure between the ages of 2 and 3 years. There
- have been five related patients described in the medical literature and all
- were males.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- When Trigonocephaly is severe surgery may be performed to relieve the
- pressure on the brain and cosmetically improve facial appearance. Other
- treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National
- Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is
- aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes
- malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and
- treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- May 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on C Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- National Craniofacial Foundation
- 3100 Carlisle St., Suite 215
- Dallas, TX 75204
- (800) 535-3643
-
- FACES
- National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
- P.O. Box 11082
- Chattanooga, TN 37401
- (615) 266-1632
-
- NIH/Niational Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301)-496-5133
-
- For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns
- Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 943, 1072-3, 1515, and 1731.
-
- BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief;
- Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 251-52.
-
- MODIFICATION IN THE SURGICAL CORRECTION OF TRIGONOCEPHALY: A.M. Sadove,
- et al.; Plast Reconstr Surg (June, 1990, issue 85(6)). Pp. 853-8.
-
- "C" TRIGONOCEPHALY SYNDROME: CLINICAL VARIABILITY AND POSSIBILITY OF
- SURGICAL TREATMENT: F. Lalatta, et al.; Am J Med Genet (December, 1990,
- issue 37(4)). Pp. 451-6.
-
-